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1 число Фарадея
ru\ \ число Фарадеяen\ \ Faraday's numberde\ \ Faraday-Zahlfr\ \ \ nombre d'Faradayфізична константа, що чисельно дорівнює електричному заряду, проходження якого крізь електроліт призводить до виділення на електроді 1 моля одновалентної речовини; число Фарадея F = 96486,70±54 Кл/моль -
2 число Фарадея
ua\ \ число Фарадеяen\ \ Faraday's numberde\ \ Faraday-Zahlfr\ \ \ nombre d'Faradayфизическая постоянная, численно равная электрическому заряду, прохождение которого через электролит приводит к выделению на электроде 1 моля одновалентного вещества; число Фарадея F = 96486,70±54 Кл/моль -
3 число Фарадея
Русско-английский словарь по микроэлектронике > число Фарадея
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4 число Фарадея
1) Engineering: electrochemical constant2) Chemistry: Faraday3) Physics: faraday number4) Electronics: faraday constant -
5 число
count, figure, number, numeral* * *число́ с.1. (совокупность предметов и т. п.) count, number2. ( математическое представление исчислимого количества) numberвводи́ть число́ (в счё́тную маши́ну) — key [enter] a number into (a calculator)изобража́ть число́ — represent a numberобознача́ть число́ — express a numberчисло́ о́бщее — total of …округли́ть число́ — round off a numberпредставля́ть число́ в дополни́тельном ко́де вчт. — cast a number in true complement formпредставля́ть число́ в обра́тном ко́де вчт. — cast a number in base [radix] minus ones complement formпредставля́ть число́ в прямо́м ко́де вчт. — cast a number in sign-and-magnitude [in sign-and-absolute value] formпредставля́ть двои́чное число́ в дополни́тельном ко́де вчт. — cast a binary number in 2's complement formпредставля́ть двои́чное число́ в обра́тном ко́де вчт. — cast a binary number in 1's complement formпредставля́ть десяти́чное число́ в дополни́тельном ко́де вчт. — cast a decimal number in 10's complement formпредставля́ть десяти́чное число́ в обра́тном ко́де вчт. — cast a decimal number in 9's complement formсбра́сывать чи́сла (на счё́тной маши́не) — clear the calculatorсоставля́ть ( такое-то) [m2]число́ — be in (such and such number)число́ кана́лов (составля́ет) четы́ре — the channels are four in numberусека́ть число́ — truncate a number4. ( количество) quantityпроверя́ть число́, напр. болто́в — check, e. g., the bolts for correct countчисло́ А́ббе — Abbe numberчисло́ Авога́дро — Avogadro numberарифмети́ческое число́ — arithmetic number, absolute numberа́томное число́ — atomic numberацето́новое число́ — acetone numberчисло́ без зна́ка вчт. — unsigned numberбезразме́рное число́ — dimensionless [nondimensional, pure] numberчисло́ Берну́лли — Bernoulli numberчисло́ Ве́бера — Weber numberвеще́ственное число́ — real numberвзаи́мно-просты́е чи́сла — coprime numbers, relatively prime numbersводоро́дное число́ — hydrogen numberводяно́е число́ ( калориметра) — water equivalentволново́е число́ — wave numberгидрокси́льное число́ — hydroxyl numberчисло́ Грасго́фа — Grashoff numberчисло́ Гре́ца — Graetz numberдвои́чно-десяти́чное число́ — binary coded decimal [BCD] numberдвои́чное число́ — binary numberдвои́чно-пятери́чное число́ — biquinary numberчисло́ двойны́х ходо́в в мину́ту — strokes per minute, s.p.m.десяти́чное число́ — decimal (number)десяти́чное, двои́чно-коди́рованное число́ — binary coded decimal [BCD] numberдокрити́ческое число́ мех. — subcritical numberдро́бное число́ — fraction, fractional [broken] numberзакрити́ческое число́ мех. — beyond-critical [supercritical] number
n-зна́чное число́ — n -digit numberзолото́е число́ — the golden numberизотопи́ческое число́ — isotopic numberимено́ванное число́ — denominate(d) numberиррациона́льное число́ — irrational (number), surd (number)ио́дное число́ — iodine number, iodine valueчисло́ кавита́ции — cavitation numberкардина́льное число́ — cardinality, cardinal numberчисло́ Карма́на — Karman numberква́нтовое число́ — quantum numberква́нтовое, азимута́льное число́ — azimuthal quantum numberква́нтовое, вну́треннее число́ — inner quantum numberква́нтовое, гла́вное число́ — first [principal] quantum numberква́нтовое, магни́тное число́ — magnetic quantum numberква́нтовое, спи́новое число́ — spin quantum numberкислоро́дное число́ — oxygen numberкисло́тное число́ — acid numberко́мплексное число́ — complex numberкоординацио́нное число́ — coordination numberкра́тное число́ — multipleкру́глое число́ — round numberчисло́ Ло́кка — Lock numberчисло́ Лошми́дта — Loschmidt numberчисло́ Лью́иса — Lewis numberчисло́ М — Mach (number), M numberс число́м М — triplesonicма́ссовое число́ яд. физ. — mass [nucleon] numberчисло́ Ма́ха — Mach (number), M numberчисло́ Ма́ха, гиперзвуково́е — hypersonic M numberчисло́ Ма́ха, дозвуково́е — subsonic M numberчисло́ Ма́ха, околозвуково́е — transonic M numberчисло́ Ма́ха, сверхзвуково́е — supersonic [over-one] M numberчисло́ мест (в транспортном средстве, зрительном зале и т. п.) — seating capacityмни́мое число́ — imaginary (number)многозна́чное число́ — multidigit [multiplace] numberнатура́льное число́ — natural numberчисло́ нейтрализа́ции — neutralization numberчисло́ нейтро́нов ( в ядре) — neutron numberненормализо́ванное число́ — nonnormalized numberнеотрица́тельное число́ — nonnegative numberнечё́тное число́ — odd numberнормализо́ванное число́ — standard [normalized] number, a number in normal formчисло́ Ну́ссельта — Nusselt numberчисло́ оборо́тов — rotational speedчисло́ оборо́тов в мину́ту — revolutions per minute, r.p.m.число́ оборо́тов дви́гателя — engine speedчисло́ оборо́тов дви́гателя на холосто́м ходу́ — idling speedчисло́ оборо́тов, уде́льное — specific speedчисло́ обраще́ний, допусти́мое ( в электростатических запоминающих трубках) — selection ratioчисло́ обраще́нии ме́жду регенера́циями ( в электростатическом запоминающем устройстве) — read-around number, read-around ratioчисло́ окисле́ния — oxidation numberокта́новое число́ — octane number, octane value, octane ratingчисло́ омыле́ния — saponification number, saponification valueордина́льное число́ — ordinal (number)отвлечё́нное число́ — dimensionless [nondimensional, pure] numberотноси́тельные чи́сла — directed [signed, algebraic] numbersотрица́тельное число́ — negative numberчисло́ Пекле́ — Peclet numberпереводно́е число́ ( в физической химии) — transference numberпереда́точное число́1. мех. gear ratioпереда́точное число́ ме́жду зубча́тыми колё́сами А и Б равно́ 60: [m2]1 — gears A and B are geared by 60 to 1переда́точное число́ от А к Б составля́ет 1:n ( в сервомеханизмах) — A is geared 1: n to B2. эл. gainпереда́точное число́ два к одному́ — two-to-one ratio, two-to-one gearчисло́ переда́ч — number of gearsпе́рекисное число́ — peroxide numberчисло́ перено́са1. ( в физической химии) transport number2. мат. carry quantityпермангана́тное число́ ( целлюлозы) — permanganate numberпифаго́ровы чи́сла — Pythagorean numbers, Pythagorean triplesподкоренно́е число́ — radicandпоря́дковое число́ — ordinal; ordinal [serial] numberчисло́ Пра́ндтля — Prandtl numberчисло́ проду́ба кож. — tanning numberпросто́е число́ — prime numberравнооста́точные чи́сла — congruent numbersчисло́ разря́дов в реги́стре — register lengthрациона́льное число́ — rational (number)число́ Рейно́льдса — Reynolds numberчисло́ Рейно́льдса, крити́ческое — transition Reynolds numberчисло́ Ре́йхерта—Ме́йссля — Reichert-Meissl numberрода́новое число́ — thiocyanogen number, thiocyanogen valueслуча́йные чи́сла — random numbersвыраба́тывать случа́йные чи́сла вчт. — generate random numbersсоставно́е число́ — composite numberспиртово́е число́ — alcohol numberчисло́ с пла́вающей запято́й — floating-point numberчисло́ Строуха́ла — Strouhal numberчисло́ Стэ́нтона — Stanton numberчисло́ с фикси́рованной запято́й — fixed-point numberчисло́ твё́рдости — hardness numberчисло́ твё́рдости по Брине́ллю — Brinell (hardness) numberчисло́ твё́рдости по Ви́ккерсу — Vickers (hardness) numberчисло́ твё́рдости по Моо́су — Moos (hardness) numberчисло́ твё́рдости по Ро́квеллу — Rockwell (hardness) numberчисло́ теорети́ческих таре́лок — theoretical plate numberчисло́ Фараде́я — Faraday constant, faradayфигу́рные чи́сла — figurate numbersфле́гмовое число́ хим. — reflux ratioчисло́ Фру́да — Froude numberце́лое число́ — integer, integral [whole] numberце́лое, ко́мплексное число́ — complex [Gaussian] integerцета́новое число́ — cetane numberчё́тное число́ — even numberчи́сто мни́мое число́ — pure imaginary (number)число́ Ше́рвуда — Sherwood numberчисло́ Шми́дта — Schmidt numberчисло́ Э́йлера — Euler numberэфи́рное число́ — ester number, ester value -
6 постоянная Фарадея
1) General subject: Faraday constant2) Engineering: Faraday's constant, electrochemical constant3) Electrochemistry: Faraday constant (F = 96501 +10 кулон.г-экв-1), Faraday number (F = 96501 + 10 кулон.г-экв-1), faraday (F = 96501 + 10 кулон.г-экв-1)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > постоянная Фарадея
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7 фарадей
1) Engineering: F (единица электрического заряда), faraday (единица электрического заряда)2) Makarov: faraday (единица заряда)3) Electrochemistry: Faraday constant, Faraday number -
8 число переноса
1. transport number2. мат. carry quantityпорядковое число — ordinal; ordinal number
число Рейхерта—Мейссля — Reichert-Meissl number
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9 Wilde, Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 1833 Manchester, Englandd. 28 March 1919 Alderley Edge, Cheshire, England[br]English inventor and pioneer manufacturer of electrical generators.[br]After completing a mechanical engineering apprenticeship Wilde commenced in business as a telegraph and lightning conductor specialist in Lancashire. Several years spent on the design of an alphabetic telegraph resulted in a number of patents. In 1864 he secured a patent for an electromagnetic generator which gave alternating current from a shuttle-wound armature, the field being excited by a small direct-current magneto. Wilde's invention was described to the Royal Society by Faraday in March 1866. When demonstrated at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, Wilde's machine produced sufficient power to maintain an arc light. The small size of the generator provided a contrast to the large and heavy magnetoelectric machines also exhibited. He discovered, by experiment, that alternators in synchronism could be connected in parallel. At about the same time John Hopkinson arrived at the same conclusions on theoretical grounds.Between 1866 and 1877 he sold ninety-four machines with commutators for electroplating purposes, a number being purchased by Elkingtons of Birmingham. He also supplied generators for the first use of electric searchlights on battleships. In his early experiments Wilde was extremely close to the discovery of true self-excitation from remnant magnetism, a principle which he was to discover in 1867 on machines intended for electroplating. His patents proved to be financially successful and he retired from business in 1884. During the remaining thirty-five years of his life he published many scientific papers, turning from experimental work to philosophical and, finally, theological matters. His record as an inventor established him as a pioneer of electrical engineering, but his lack of scientific training was to restrict his later contributions.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1886.Bibliography1 December 1863, British patent no. 3,006 (alternator with a magneto-exciter).1866, Proceedings of the Royal Society 14:107–11 (first report on Wilde's experiments). 1900, autobiographical note, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 29:3–17.Further ReadingW.W.Haldane Gee. 1920, biography, Memoirs, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 63:1–16 (a comprehensive account).P.Dunsheath, 1962, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber, pp. 110–12 (a short account).GW -
10 Henry, Joseph
[br]b. 17 December 1797 Albany, New York, USAd. 13 May 1878 Washington, DC, USA[br]American scientist after whom the unit of inductance is named.[br]Sent to stay with relatives at the age of 6 because of the illness of his father, when the latter died in 1811 Henry was apprenticed to a silversmith and then turned to the stage. Whilst he was ill himself, a book on science fired his interest and he began studying at Albany Academy, working as a tutor to finance his studies. Initially intending to pursue medicine, he then spent some time as a surveyor before becoming Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Albany Academy in 1826. There he became interested in the improvement of electromagnets and discovered that the use of an increased number of turns of wire round the core greatly increased their power; by 1831 he was able to supply to Yale a magnet capable of lifting almost a ton weight. During this time he also discovered the principles of magnetic induction and self-inductance. In the same year he made, but did not patent, a cable telegraph system capable of working over a distance of 1 mile (1.6 km). It was at this time, too, that he found that adiabatic expansion of gases led to their sudden cooling, thus paving the way for the development of refrigerators. For this he was recommended for, but never received, the Copley Medal of the Royal Society. Five years later he became Professor of Natural Philosophy at New Jersey College (later Princeton University), where he deduced the laws governing the operation of transformers and observed that changes in magnetic flux induced electric currents in conductors. Later he also observed that spark discharges caused electrical effects at a distance. He therefore came close to the discovery of radio waves. In 1836 he was granted a year's leave of absence and travelled to Europe, where he was able to meet Michael Faraday. It was with his help that in 1844 Samuel Morse set up the first patented electric telegraph, but, sadly, the latter seems to have reaped all the credit and financial rewards. In 1846 he became the first secretary of the Washington Smithsonian Institute and did much to develop government support for scientific research. As a result of his efforts some 500 telegraph stations across the country were equipped with meteorological equipment to supply weather information by telegraph to a central location, a facility that eventually became the US National Weather Bureau. From 1852 he was a member of the Lighthouse Board, contributing to improvements in lighting and sound warning systems and becoming its chairman in 1871. During the Civil War he was a technical advisor to President Lincoln. He was a founder of the National Academy of Science and served as its President for eleven years.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, American Association for the Advancement of Science 1849. President, National Academy of Science 1893–1904. In 1893, to honour his work on induction, the International Congress of Electricians adopted the henry as the unit of inductance.Bibliography1824. "On the chemical and mechanical effects of steam". 1825. "The production of cold by the rarefaction of air".1832, "On the production of currents \& sparks of electricity \& magnetism", AmericanJournal of Science 22:403."Theory of the so-called imponderables", Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 6:84.Further ReadingSmithsonian Institution, 1886, Joseph Henry, Scientific Writings, Washington DC.KF -
11 Noyce, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 12 December 1927 Burlington, Iowa, USA[br]American engineer responsible for the development of integrated circuits and the microprocessor chip.[br]Noyce was the son of a Congregational minister whose family, after a number of moves, finally settled in Grinnell, some 50 miles (80 km) east of Des Moines, Iowa. Encouraged to follow his interest in science, in his teens he worked as a baby-sitter and mower of lawns to earn money for his hobby. One of his clients was Professor of Physics at Grinnell College, where Noyce enrolled to study mathematics and physics and eventually gained a top-grade BA. It was while there that he learned of the invention of the transistor by the team at Bell Laboratories, which included John Bardeen, a former fellow student of his professor. After taking a PhD in physical electronics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1953, he joined the Philco Corporation in Philadelphia to work on the development of transistors. Then in January 1956 he accepted an invitation from William Shockley, another of the Bell transistor team, to join the newly formed Shockley Transistor Company, the first electronic firm to set up shop in Palo Alto, California, in what later became known as "Silicon Valley".From the start things at the company did not go well and eventually Noyce and Gordon Moore and six colleagues decided to offer themselves as a complete development team; with the aid of the Fairchild Camera and Instrument Company, the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation was born. It was there that in 1958, contemporaneously with Jack K. Wilby at Texas Instruments, Noyce had the idea for monolithic integration of transistor circuits. Eventually, after extended patent litigation involving study of laboratory notebooks and careful examination of the original claims, priority was assigned to Noyce. The invention was most timely. The Apollo Moon-landing programme announced by President Kennedy in May 1961 called for lightweight sophisticated navigation and control computer systems, which could only be met by the rapid development of the new technology, and Fairchild was well placed to deliver the micrologic chips required by NASA.In 1968 the founders sold Fairchild Semicon-ductors to the parent company. Noyce and Moore promptly found new backers and set up the Intel Corporation, primarily to make high-density memory chips. The first product was a 1,024-bit random access memory (1 K RAM) and by 1973 sales had reached $60 million. However, Noyce and Moore had already realized that it was possible to make a complete microcomputer by putting all the logic needed to go with the memory chip(s) on a single integrated circuit (1C) chip in the form of a general purpose central processing unit (CPU). By 1971 they had produced the Intel 4004 microprocessor, which sold for US$200, and within a year the 8008 followed. The personal computer (PC) revolution had begun! Noyce eventually left Intel, but he remained active in microchip technology and subsequently founded Sematech Inc.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFranklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1966. National Academy of Engineering 1969. National Academy of Science. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1978; Cledo Brunetti Award (jointly with Kilby) 1978. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1979. National Medal of Science 1979. National Medal of Engineering 1987.Bibliography1955, "Base-widening punch-through", Proceedings of the American Physical Society.30 July 1959, US patent no. 2,981,877.Further ReadingT.R.Reid, 1985, Microchip: The Story of a Revolution and the Men Who Made It, London: Pan Books.KF -
12 Paul, Robert William
[br]b. 3 October 1869 Highbury, London, Englandd. 28 March 1943 London, England[br]English scientific instrument maker, inventor of the Unipivot electrical measuring instrument, and pioneer of cinematography.[br]Paul was educated at the City of London School and Finsbury Technical College. He worked first for a short time in the Bell Telephone Works in Antwerp, Belgium, and then in the electrical instrument shop of Elliott Brothers in the Strand until 1891, when he opened an instrument-making business at 44 Hatton Garden, London. He specialized in the design and manufacture of electrical instruments, including the Ayrton Mather galvanometer. In 1902, with a purpose-built factory, he began large batch production of his instruments. He also opened a factory in New York, where uncalibrated instruments from England were calibrated for American customers. In 1903 Paul introduced the Unipivot galvanometer, in which the coil was supported at the centre of gravity of the moving system on a single pivot. The pivotal friction was less than in a conventional instrument and could be used without accurate levelling, the sensitivity being far beyond that of any pivoted galvanometer then in existence.In 1894 Paul was asked by two entrepreneurs to make copies of Edison's kinetoscope, the pioneering peep-show moving-picture viewer, which had just arrived in London. Discovering that Edison had omitted to patent the machine in England, and observing that there was considerable demand for the machine from show-people, he began production, making six before the end of the year. Altogether, he made about sixty-six units, some of which were exported. Although Edison's machine was not patented, his films were certainly copyrighted, so Paul now needed a cinematographic camera to make new subjects for his customers. Early in 1895 he came into contact with Birt Acres, who was also working on the design of a movie camera. Acres's design was somewhat impractical, but Paul constructed a working model with which Acres filmed the Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race on 30 March, and the Derby at Epsom on 29 May. Paul was unhappy with the inefficient design, and developed a new intermittent mechanism based on the principle of the Maltese cross. Despite having signed a ten-year agreement with Paul, Acres split with him on 12 July 1895, after having unilaterally patented their original camera design on 27 May. By the early weeks of 1896, Paul had developed a projector mechanism that also used the Maltese cross and which he demonstrated at the Finsbury Technical College on 20 February 1896. His Theatrograph was intended for sale, and was shown in a number of venues in London during March, notably at the Alhambra Theatre in Leicester Square. There the renamed Animatographe was used to show, among other subjects, the Derby of 1896, which was won by the Prince of Wales's horse "Persimmon" and the film of which was shown the next day to enthusiastic crowds. The production of films turned out to be quite profitable: in the first year of the business, from March 1896, Paul made a net profit of £12,838 on a capital outlay of about £1,000. By the end of the year there were at least five shows running in London that were using Paul's projectors and screening films made by him or his staff.Paul played a major part in establishing the film business in England through his readiness to sell apparatus at a time when most of his rivals reserved their equipment for sole exploitation. He went on to become a leading producer of films, specializing in trick effects, many of which he pioneered. He was affectionately known in the trade as "Daddy Paul", truly considered to be the "father" of the British film industry. He continued to appreciate fully the possibilities of cinematography for scientific work, and in collaboration with Professor Silvanus P.Thompson films were made to illustrate various phenomena to students.Paul ended his involvement with film making in 1910 to concentrate on his instrument business; on his retirement in 1920, this was amalgamated with the Cambridge Instrument Company. In his will he left shares valued at over £100,000 to form the R.W.Paul Instrument Fund, to be administered by the Institution of Electrical Engineers, of which he had been a member since 1887. The fund was to provide instruments of an unusual nature to assist physical research.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFellow of the Physical Society 1920. Institution of Electrical Engineers Duddell Medal 1938.Bibliography17 March 1903, British patent no. 6,113 (the Unipivot instrument).1931, "Some electrical instruments at the Faraday Centenary Exhibition 1931", Journal of Scientific Instruments 8:337–48.Further ReadingObituary, 1943, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 90(1):540–1. P.Dunsheath, 1962, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber, pp.308–9 (for a brief account of the Unipivot instrument).John Barnes, 1976, The Beginnings of Cinema in Britain, London. Brian Coe, 1981, The History of Movie Photography, London.BC / GW -
13 Pixii, Antoine Hippolyte
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 1808 Franced. 1835[br]French instrument maker who devised the first machine to incorporate the basic elements of a modern electric generator.[br]Mechanical devices to transform energy from a mechanical to an electrical form followed shortly after Faraday's discovery of induction. One of the earliest was Pixii's magneto generator. Pixii had been an instrument maker to Arago and Ampère for a number of years and his machine was first announced to the Academy of Sciences in Paris in September 1832. In this hand-driven generator a permanent magnet was rotated in close proximity to two coils on soft iron cores, producing an alternating current. Subsequently Pixii adapted to a larger version of his machine a "see-saw" switch or commutator devised by Ampère, in order to obtain a unidirectional current. The machine provided a current similar to that obtained with a chemical cell and was capable of decomposing water into oxygen and hydrogen. It was the prototype of many magneto-electric machines which followed.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsAcademy of Sciences, Paris, Gold Medal 1832.Further ReadingB.Bowers, 1982, A History of Electric Light and Power, London, pp. 70–2 (describes the development of Pixii's generator).C.Jackson, 1833, "Notice of the revolving electric magnet of Mr Pixii of Paris", American Journal of Science 24:146–7.GWBiographical history of technology > Pixii, Antoine Hippolyte
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14 Preece, Sir William Henry
[br]b. 15 February 1834 Bryn Helen, Gwynedd, Walesd. 6 November 1913 Penrhos, Gwynedd, Wales[br]Welsh electrical engineer who greatly furthered the development and use of wireless telegraphy and the telephone in Britain, dominating British Post Office engineering during the last two decades of the nineteenth century.[br]After education at King's College, London, in 1852 Preece entered the office of Edwin Clark with the intention of becoming a civil engineer, but graduate studies at the Royal Institution under Faraday fired his enthusiasm for things electrical. His earliest work, as connected with telegraphy and in particular its application for securing the safe working of railways; in 1853 he obtained an appointment with the Electric and National Telegraph Company. In 1856 he became Superintendent of that company's southern district, but four years later he moved to telegraph work with the London and South West Railway. From 1858 to 1862 he was also Engineer to the Channel Islands Telegraph Company. When the various telegraph companies in Britain were transferred to the State in 1870, Preece became a Divisional Engineer in the General Post Office (GPO). Promotion followed in 1877, when he was appointed Chief Electrician to the Post Office. One of the first specimens of Bell's telephone was brought to England by Preece and exhibited at the British Association meeting in 1877. From 1892 to 1899 he served as Engineer-in-Chief to the Post Office. During this time he made a number of important contributions to telegraphy, including the use of water as part of telegraph circuits across the Solent (1882) and the Bristol Channel (1888). He also discovered the existence of inductive effects between parallel wires, and with Fleming showed that a current (thermionic) flowed between the hot filament and a cold conductor in an incandescent lamp.Preece was distinguished by his administrative ability, some scientific insight, considerable engineering intuition and immense energy. He held erroneous views about telephone transmission and, not accepting the work of Oliver Heaviside, made many errors when planning trunk circuits. Prior to the successful use of Hertzian waves for wireless communication Preece carried out experiments, often on a large scale, in attempts at wireless communication by inductive methods. These became of historic interest only when the work of Maxwell and Hertz was developed by Guglielmo Marconi. It is to Preece that credit should be given for encouraging Marconi in 1896 and collaborating with him in his early experimental work on radio telegraphy.While still employed by the Post Office, Preece contributed to the development of numerous early public electricity schemes, acting as Consultant and often supervising their construction. At Worcester he was responsible for Britain's largest nineteenth-century public hydro-electric station. He received a knighthood on his retirement in 1899, after which he continued his consulting practice in association with his two sons and Major Philip Cardew. Preece contributed some 136 papers and printed lectures to scientific journals, ninety-nine during the period 1877 to 1894.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCB 1894. Knighted (KCB) 1899. FRS 1881. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers, 1880. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1880, 1893. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1898–9. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1901–2.BibliographyPreece produced numerous papers on telegraphy and telephony that were presented as Royal Institution Lectures (see Royal Institution Library of Science, 1974) or as British Association reports.1862–3, "Railway telegraphs and the application of electricity to the signaling and working of trains", Proceedings of the ICE 22:167–93.Eleven editions of Telegraphy (with J.Sivewright), London, 1870, were published by 1895.1883, "Molecular radiation in incandescent lamps", Proceedings of the Physical Society 5: 283.1885. "Molecular shadows in incandescent lamps". Proceedings of the Physical Society 7: 178.1886. "Electric induction between wires and wires", British Association Report. 1889, with J.Maier, The Telephone.1894, "Electric signalling without wires", RSA Journal.1898, "Aetheric telegraphy", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.Further ReadingJ.J.Fahie, 1899, History of Wireless Telegraphy 1838–1899, Edinburgh: Blackwood. E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.E.C.Baker, 1976, Sir William Preece, F.R.S. Victorian Engineer Extraordinary, London (a detailed biography with an appended list of his patents, principal lectures and publications).D.G.Tucker, 1981–2, "Sir William Preece (1834–1913)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 53:119–36 (a critical review with a summary of his consultancies).GW / KFBiographical history of technology > Preece, Sir William Henry
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15 Thomson, Elihu
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 29 March 1853 Manchester, Englandd. 13 March 1937 Swampscott, Massachusetts, USA[br]English (naturalized) American electrical engineer and inventor.[br]Thomson accompanied his parents to Philadelphia in 1858; he received his education at the Central High School there, and afterwards remained as a teacher of chemistry. At this time he constructed several dynamos after studying their design, and was invited by the Franklin Institute to give lectures on the subject. After observing an arc-lighting system operating commercially in Paris in 1878, he collaborated with Edwin J. Houston, a senior colleague at the Central High School, in working out the details of such a system. An automatic regulating device was designed which, by altering the position of the brushes on the dynamo commutator, maintained a constant current irrespective of the number of lamps in use. To overcome the problem of commutation at the high voltages necessary to operate up to forty arc lamps in a series circuit, Thomson contrived a centrifugal blower which suppressed sparking. The resulting system was efficient and reliable with low operating costs. Thomson's invention of the motor meter in 1882 was the first of many such instruments for the measurement of electrical energy. In 1886 he invented electric resistance welding using low-voltage alternating current derived from a transformer of his own design. Thomson's work is recorded in his technical papers and in the 700plus patents granted for his inventions.The American Electric Company, founded to exploit the Thomson patents, later became the Thomson-Houston Company, which was destined to be a leader in the electrical manufacturing industry. They entered the field of electric power in 1887, supplying railway equipment and becoming a major innovator of electric railways. Thomson-Houston and Edison General Electric were consolidated to form General Electric in 1892. Thomson remained associated with this company throughout his career.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier and Officier de la Légion d'honneur 1889. American Academy of Arts and Sciences Rumford Medal 1901. American Institute of Electrical Engineers Edison Medal 1909. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1916. Institution of Electrical Engineers Kelvin Medal 1923, Faraday Medal 1927.Bibliography1934, "Some highlights of electrical history", Electrical Engineering 53:758–67 (autobiography).Further ReadingD.O.Woodbury, 1944, Beloved Scientist, New York (a full biography). H.C.Passer, 1953, The Electrical Manufacturers: 1875–1900, Cambridge, Mass, (describes Thomson's industrial contribution).K.T.Compton, 1940, Biographical Memoirs of Elihu Thomson, Washington, DCovides an abridged list of Thomson's papers and patents).GW
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